## World Tribal Day: Celebrating the Diversity and Culture of Tribal Peoples


World Tribal Day is an annual observance held on August 9th to celebrate the diversity and culture of tribal peoples around the world. It is a day to recognize the contributions of tribal peoples to society and to raise awareness of the challenges they face.

The theme for World Tribal Day 2023 is "Tribal Peoples: Defenders of Mother Earth." This theme highlights the important role that tribal peoples play in protecting the environment. Tribal peoples have a deep connection to the land and they often have traditional knowledge of how to sustainably manage natural resources.

There are an estimated 370 million tribal peoples living in over 90 countries around the world. They represent about 5% of the world's population. Tribal peoples are often marginalized and discriminated against. They face challenges such as poverty, lack of access to education and healthcare, and discrimination.

World Tribal Day is an opportunity to celebrate the diversity and culture of tribal peoples and to raise awareness of the challenges they face. It is also a day to commit to working towards a more just and equitable world for all people, including tribal peoples.

### History of World Tribal Day

World Tribal Day was first celebrated in 1994 by the World Council of Indigenous Peoples (WCIP). The WCIP is an international organization that represents tribal peoples from around the world. The WCIP chose August 9th as the date for World Tribal Day because it is the anniversary of the International Labour Organization's (ILO) Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries. Convention 169 is an international treaty that recognizes the rights of tribal peoples to self-determination and to their traditional lands and resources.

### The Importance of World Tribal Day

World Tribal Day is an important observance for several reasons. First, it is a day to celebrate the diversity and culture of tribal peoples. Tribal peoples have a rich and unique history and culture that is worth celebrating. Second, World Tribal Day is a day to raise awareness of the challenges that tribal peoples face. Tribal peoples often face discrimination and marginalization. They also face challenges such as poverty, lack of access to education and healthcare, and environmental degradation. Third, World Tribal Day is a day to commit to working towards a more just and equitable world for all people, including tribal peoples.
 
### How to Celebrate World Tribal Day

There are many ways to celebrate World Tribal Day. Here are a few ideas:

- Learn about the history and culture of tribal peoples. There are many resources available online and in libraries.

- Support tribal businesses and organizations. When you buy products from tribal businesses, you are helping to support tribal communities.

- Get involved in advocacy work for tribal peoples. There are many organizations working to improve the lives of tribal peoples. You can get involved by volunteering your time or donating money.

- Educate others about the challenges that tribal peoples face. Talk to your friends, family, and colleagues about the importance of World Tribal Day.

#### Here are some of the reasons why World Tribal Day is important:

- To celebrate the diversity and culture of tribal peoples. Tribal peoples have a rich and unique history and culture that is worth celebrating.

- To raise awareness of the challenges that tribal peoples face. Tribal peoples often face discrimination and marginalization. They also face challenges such as poverty, lack of access to education and healthcare, and environmental degradation.

- To commit to working towards a more just and equitable world for all people, including tribal peoples. World Tribal Day is a day to renew our commitment to working for the rights of tribal peoples and to building a world where all people can live in peace and harmony.

#### Indigenous peoples around the world face many challenges, including:

**Poverty:** Indigenous peoples are disproportionately poor, with an estimated 15% living below the national poverty line. This is due to a number of factors, including lack of access to education and healthcare, discrimination, and the loss of traditional lands and resources.

**Land rights:** Indigenous peoples have a deep connection to their land, but they often lack formal land rights. This makes them vulnerable to displacement and exploitation by governments and businesses.

**Discrimination:** Indigenous peoples often face discrimination in all areas of life, including education, healthcare, employment, and housing. This discrimination can make it difficult for them to improve their lives and achieve their full potential.

**Violence:** Indigenous peoples are disproportionately victims of violence, including murder, rape, and torture. This violence is often motivated by racism, discrimination, and the desire to control indigenous lands and resources.

**Environmental degradation:** Indigenous peoples are often the first to experience the negative impacts of environmental degradation, such as climate change, deforestation, and pollution. This can lead to food insecurity, water shortages, and the loss of traditional livelihoods.

These are just some of the challenges faced by indigenous peoples around the world. It is important to remember that these challenges are not insurmountable. With the right support, indigenous peoples can overcome these challenges and build a better future for themselves and their communities.

#### Here are some things that we can do to help indigenous peoples:

**Learn about indigenous cultures and histories.** The first step to helping indigenous peoples is to learn about their cultures and histories. This will help us to understand the challenges they face and the solutions that they are working on.

**Support indigenous-led organizations.** There are many indigenous-led organizations working to improve the lives of indigenous peoples. By supporting these organizations, we can help to make a real difference in the lives of indigenous peoples.

**Speak out against discrimination and violence against indigenous peoples.** When we see discrimination or violence against indigenous peoples, we need to speak out against it. We can do this by writing to our elected officials, signing petitions, and protesting.

**Get involved in advocacy work for indigenous peoples.** There are many ways to get involved in advocacy work for indigenous peoples. We can volunteer our time, donate money, or raise awareness about the challenges they face.

#### Indigenous peoples have made many achievements in all areas of human endeavor, including:

**Science and technology:** Indigenous peoples have made significant contributions to science and technology, including the development of agriculture, irrigation, astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. **For example**, the Mayans developed a sophisticated calendar system that is still used today, and the Incas built an extensive network of roads and bridges that is still admired for its engineering prowess.

**Art and culture:** Indigenous peoples have a rich and diverse art and culture that includes music, dance, painting, sculpture, and storytelling. Their art is often inspired by the natural world and their deep connection to the land. For example, the Aboriginal people of Australia have a tradition of rock painting that is thousands of years old, and the Inuit people of North America have a tradition of carving intricate sculptures from ivory and bone.

**Government and law:** Indigenous peoples have developed their own unique systems of government and law that are based on their own cultures and traditions. These systems often emphasize community well-being and respect for the environment. For example, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy of North America is a confederation of six nations that has a system of government that is based on consensus decision-making and the principle of peace.

**Education:** Indigenous peoples have a long tradition of education, and many indigenous communities have their own schools that teach their children about their culture and history. Indigenous peoples have also made significant contributions to mainstream education, and many indigenous teachers and scholars are working to make education more inclusive and relevant to indigenous students.

**Healthcare:** Indigenous peoples have a rich tradition of traditional medicine, and many indigenous communities still use traditional healing practices alongside Western medicine. Indigenous peoples have also made significant contributions to mainstream healthcare, and many indigenous doctors and nurses are working to improve the health of indigenous communities.

**Economic development**: Indigenous peoples are increasingly working to develop their own economies and to create jobs for their people. Many indigenous communities are involved in sustainable agriculture, tourism, and cultural industries. Indigenous peoples are also working to protect their natural resources and to develop renewable energy sources.

#### Conclusion

World Tribal Day is a day to celebrate the diversity and culture of tribal peoples around the world. It is also a day to raise awareness of the challenges that tribal peoples face and to commit to working towards a more just and equitable world for all people.

We can all do our part to protect the rights of indigenous peoples and to build a more just and equitable world. Here are a few things that we can do:

- Learn about the cultures and histories of indigenous peoples.

- Support indigenous-led organizations.

- Speak out against discrimination and violence against indigenous peoples.

- Get involved in advocacy work for indigenous peoples.




World Tribal Day: Celebrating the Diversity and Culture of Tribal Peoples

## Paper I Syllabus:

**Ecology** and its relevance to man, natural resources, their sustainable management and conservation. Physical and social environment as factors of crop distribution and production. Agroecology, cropping pattern as indicators of environments. Environmental pollution and associated hazards to crops, animals and humans. Climate change – international conventions and global initiatives. Greenhouse effect and global warming. Advance tools for ecosystem analysis – Remote sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS).

**Cropping patterns** in different agro-climatic zones of the country. Impact of high-yielding and short-duration varieties on shifts in cropping patterns. Concepts of various cropping and farming systems. Organic and Precision farming. Package of practices for production of important cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fibres, sugar, commercial and fodder crops.

Important features and scope of various types of forestry plantations such as social forestry, agroforestry, and natural forests. Propagation of forest plants. Forest products. Agroforestry and value addition. Conservation of forest flora and fauna.

**Weeds,** their characteristics, dissemination and association with various crops; their multiplications; cultural, biological, and chemical control of weeds. Soil- physical, chemical and biological properties. Processes and factors of soil formation. Soils of India, Mineral and organic constituents of soils and their role in maintaining soil productivity. Essential plant nutrients and other beneficial elements in soils and plants. Principles of soil fertility, soil testing and fertilizer recommendations, integrated nutrient management. Biofertilizers. Losses of nitrogen in the soil, nitrogen-use efficiency in submerged rice soils, nitrogen fixation in soils. Efficient phosphorus and potassium use. Problem soils and their reclamation. Soil factors affecting greenhouse gas emission.

**Soil conservation, integrated watershed management.** Soil erosion and its management. Dryland agriculture and its problems. Technology for stabilizing agriculture production in rainfed areas. Water-use efficiency in relation to crop production, criteria for scheduling irrigations, ways and means of reducing runoff losses of irrigation water. Rainwater harvesting. Drip and sprinkler irrigation. Drainage of waterlogged soils, quality of irrigation water, effect of industrial effluents on soil and water pollution. Irrigation projects in India.

**Farm management**, scope, importance and characteristics, farm planning. Optimum resource use and budgeting. Economics of different types of farming systems. Marketing management – strategies for development, market intelligence. Price fluctuations and their cost; role of cooperatives in agricultural economy; types and systems of farming and factors affecting them. Agricultural price policy. Crop Insurance.

**Agricultural extension**, its importance and role, methods of evaluation of extension programmes, socio-economic survey and status of big, small and marginal farmers and landless agricultural labourers. Training programmes for extension workers. Role of Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s (KVK) in dissemination of Agricultural technologies. Non-Government Organization (NGO) and self-help group approach for rural development.

## Paper II Syllabus:

**Cell structure, function and cell cycle**. Synthesis, structure and function of genetic material. Laws of heredity. Chromosome structure, chromosomal aberrations, linkage and cross-over, and their significance in recombination breeding. Polyploidy, euploids and aneuploids. Mutations – and their role in crop improvement. Heritability, sterility and incompatibility, classification and their application in crop improvement. Cytoplasmic inheritance, sex-linked, sex-influenced and sex-limited characters.

**History of plant breeding.** Modes of reproduction, selfing and crossing techniques. Origin, evolution and domestication of crop plants, center of origin, law of homologous series, crop genetic resources conservation and utilization. Application of principles of plant breeding, improvement of crop plants. Molecular markers and their application in plant improvement. Pure-line selection, pedigree, mass and recurrent selections, combining ability, its significance in plant breeding. Heterosis and its exploitation. Somatic hybridization. Breeding for disease and pest resistance. Role of interspecific and intergeneric hybridization. Role of genetic engineering and biotechnology in crop improvement. Genetically modified crop plants.

**Seed production and processing technologies. **Seed certification, seed testing and storage. DNA fingerprinting and seed registration. Role of public and private sectors in seed production and marketing. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) issues, WTO issues and its impact on Agriculture.

Principles of Plant Physiology with reference to plant nutrition, absorption, translocation and metabolism of nutrients. Soil – water- plant relationship.

**Enzymes and plant pigments; photosynthesis**- modern concepts and factors affecting the process, aerobic and anaerobic respiration; C3, C4 and CAM mechanisms. Carbohydrates, protein and fat metabolism. Growth and development; photoperiodism and vernalization. Plant growth substances and their role in crop production. Physiology of seed development and germination; dormancy. Stress physiology – draught, salt and water stress.
Major fruits, plantation crops, vegetables, spices and flower crops. Package practices of major horticultural crops. Protected cultivation and high tech horticulture. Post harvest technology and value addition of fruits and vegetables. Landscaping and commercial floriculture. Medicinal and aromatic plants. Role of fruits and vegetables in human nutrition.

**Diagnosis of pests and diseases** of field crops, vegetables, orchard and plantation crops and their economic importance. Classification of pests and diseases and their management. Integrated pest and disease management. Storage pests and their management. Biological control of pests and diseases. Epidemiology and forecasting of major crop pests and diseases. Plant quarantine measures. Pesticides, their formulation and modes of action.

**Food production and consumption trends in India.** Food security and growing population – vision 2020. Reasons for grain surplus. National and international food policies. Production, procurement, distribution constraints. Availability of food grains, per capita expenditure on food. Trends in poverty, Public Distribution System and Below Poverty Line population, Targeted Public Distribution System (PDS), policy implementation in context to globalization. Processing constraints. Relation of food production to National Dietary Guidelines and food consumption pattern. Food based dietary approaches to eliminate hunger. **Nutrient deficiency** – Micronutrient deficiency: Protein Energy Malnutrition or Protein Calorie Malnutrition (PEM or PCM), Micro nutrient deficiency and HRD in context of work capacity of women and children. Food grain productivity and food security.

Additionally, practice answer writing to effectively convey your knowledge and understanding of agricultural concepts, policies, and their implications. Solving previous years' question papers and participating in mock tests will help you become familiar with the exam pattern and improve your performance.

HOPE THIS HELPS.

UPSC Agriculture Syllabus: If you opt for Agriculture then this post is for you!

## The UPSC Mains syllabus can be divided into two parts:

### Qualifying Papers

Paper A
Paper B

### Papers which are counted for merit ranking:

~Essay
~General Studies (Paper II to Paper V)
~Optional Subject (Two Papers)

**UPSC Mains Syllabus and Exam Pattern for Qualifying Papers**

In UPSC Mains, candidates have to score a minimum of 25% marks in Paper A and Paper B otherwise their marks in other papers will not be taken into account. The pattern/syllabus for qualifying papers in UPSC Mains is given below:

**Paper & Exam Pattern**

**Paper A – Indian Language (any of the Indian languages listed in the 8th schedule of the Constitution)**

~Comprehension of given passages.
~Precis Writing
~Usage and Vocabulary
~Short Essays
~Translation from English to the Indian Language and vice-versa

**Paper B – English**

~Comprehension of given passages
~Precis Writing
~Usage and Vocabulary
~Short Essays

**Important information regarding UPSC Mains qualifying papers:**

Paper A and Paper B test the candidates’ ability to read and understand serious prose in the given language and to express his/her views correctly and clearly.

The marks in Paper A and Paper B in UPSC Mains will not be counted for merit but if candidates score below 25% in either of these two papers, then their marks in the remaining papers will not even be declared.

The level of Paper A and Paper B is of a Matriculation (or equivalent) level.

Paper A (Indian Language) in UPSC Mains is not compulsory for candidates hailing from Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Sikkim

**UPSC Mains Syllabus for Essay paper**

As such the UPSC Mains syllabus doesn’t have a prescribed section for the Essay paper. In the essay paper in UPSC Mains, candidates have to write two essays out of a few given options for a total of 250 marks. As per the UPSC, 
>“Candidates are expected to keep close to the subject of the essay to arrange their ideas in an orderly fashion and to write concisely. Credit will be given for effective and exact expression.”

**UPSC Mains Syllabus for General Studies**

The UPSC Mains syllabus for GS papers covers broadly the following subjects/areas:

~UPSC Mains Paper II – General Studies I

~UPSC Mains Paper III – General Studies II

~UPSC Mains Paper-IV – General Studies III

~UPSC Mains Paper V – General Studies IV

~Indian Heritage and Culture

~Governance

~Technology

~Ethics

~History and Geography of the World

~Constitution

~Economic Development

~Integrity

~Society

~Polity

~Environment, Biodiversity

~Aptitude

~Social Justice

~International relations

~Security and Disaster Management

**UPSC Mains Syllabus for Optional Subjects**

Since the pattern change in UPSC Mains, candidates now have to choose only one optional subject. There are two papers based on the optional subject for a total of 500 marks (250 marks * 2 papers) which are counted for the merit ranking.

The list of optional subjects for the UPSC IAS exam 2023 and links to the detailed syllabi for each optional subject are given below:

## List of optional subjects in UPSC Mains

Agriculture
History
Geography
Political Science & International Relations
Law
sociology
Philosophy
Economics
Psychology
Geology
Chemistry
Physics
Botany
Zoology
Mathematics
Mechanical Engineering
Medical Science
Commerce & Accountancy
Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science
Anthropology
Electrical Engineering
Public Administration
Civil Engineering
Statistics
Management
Assamese (Literature)
Bengali (Literature)
Bodo (Literature)
Dogri (Literature)
Gujarati (Literature)
Hindi (Literature)
Kannada (Literature)
Kashmiri (Literature)
Konkani (Literature)
Maithili (Literature)
Malayalam (Literature)
Manipuri (Literature)
Marathi (Literature)
Nepali (Literature)
Oriya (Literature)
Punjabi (Literature)
Sanskrit (Literature)
Santhali (Literature)
Sindhi (Literature)
Tamil (Literature)
Telugu (Literature)
Urdu (Literature)
English (Literature)

I hope this post helped you. See you again!

Want Vidya Box in your school?

World Tribal Day: Celebrating the Diversity and Culture of Tribal Peoples

UPSC Agriculture Syllabus: If you opt for Agriculture then this post is for you!

UPSC Main Exams: What are most important topics? What I have to study and what not?

UPSC Main Exams: What are most important topics? What I have to study and what not?